🌟 Maharashtra State Board – Standard IX

📘 Chapter 7 – Science and Technology

1. (A) Choose the correct option and complete the statements.

(1) …………….. was named as the first Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission.

(a) Dr Homi Bhabha
(b) Dr Homi Sethna
(c) Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
(d) Dr Raja Ramanna

Ans: (a) Dr Homi Bhabha

(2) …………….. was the first completely indigenous communication satellite made by ISRO.

(a) Aryabhata
(b) INSAT-1B
(c) Rohini-75
(d) APPLE

Ans: (d) APPLE

1. (B) Identify and write the wrong pair.

  1. Prithvi – Surface to surface ballistic missile
  2. Agni – Surface to underwater ballistic missile
  3. Akash – Surface to air missile
  4. Nag – Anti-tank missile

Ans: Wrong Pair – Agni – Surface to underwater ballistic missile
(Agni is a surface-to-surface ballistic missile.)

2. (A) Activity – Timeline of India’s Progress in Science and Technology

YearEvent
1961First research rocket launched from Thumba
1963Telex services started
1969ISRO was established
1974First nuclear test at Pokhran
1975First Indian satellite Aryabhata launched
1979Bhaskar-1 remote sensing satellite launched
1984Computerised railway reservation introduced
1988Prithvi missile successfully tested
1989Agni missile successfully tested
1994Mobile phone services started in India
1998Second nuclear test conducted
2000Restructuring of Department of Telecommunications

2. (B) Write Short Notes

(1) Space Research

  1. In 1961, India launched its first research rocket from the Thumba Equatorial Launch Centre in Kerala.
  2. In 1969, ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) was established.
  3. In 1975, India launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, with the help of the Soviet Union.
  4. Later, India successfully developed and launched satellites indigenously.
  5. Space research helped India in communication, weather forecasting, and remote sensing.

(2) Telex Service

  1. The Department of Telecommunications started the telex service in 1963.
  2. It helped in sending typed messages quickly from one place to another.
  3. In 1969, telex service began in Devanagari script in Delhi and later spread across India.
  4. After the development of the Internet in the 1990s, the importance of telex services decreased.

(3) Pokhran Nuclear Test

  1. India conducted its first nuclear test on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran in Rajasthan.
  2. The test was conducted for peaceful purposes and self-reliance.
  3. Dr. Homi Sethna and Dr. Raja Ramanna played important roles in the test.
  4. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi approved the nuclear test.
  5. Pokhran was selected because it was far from human settlements.

(4) Bhaskar-1 Satellite

  1. Bhaskar-1 was launched in 1979 from the Soviet Union.
  2. It was India’s experimental remote sensing satellite.
  3. It helped in studying water resources, minerals, forests, and weather conditions.
  4. It also provided useful information for oceanography and environmental studies.

3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

(1) Pandit Nehru established the Atomic Energy Commission.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru believed in developing scientific temper and promoting national progress. Therefore, he established the Atomic Energy Commission on 10 August 1948 under the chairmanship of Dr. Homi Bhabha.

(2) India decided to conduct nuclear tests.

India conducted nuclear tests to ensure national security and self-reliance. China’s nuclear capability and Pakistan’s efforts to develop nuclear weapons influenced India’s decision.

(3) USA imposed economic sanctions on India.

In 1998, India conducted its second nuclear tests. After this, the USA imposed economic sanctions on India as it opposed nuclear weapon development.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

(1) Which everyday services are influenced by satellite technology?

Satellite technology influences many daily services such as:

  1. Telecommunication services like mobile phones, television, radio, and the Internet.
  2. GPS services for navigation.
  3. Weather forecasting.
  4. E-banking, online payments, and digital marketing.
  5. Online ticket booking and hotel reservations.
  6. Online education services.

(2) Why is Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam called the ‘Missile Man’?

  1. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam worked with DRDO and ISRO.
  2. He led the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
  3. Under his leadership, missiles like Agni, Prithvi, Akash, and Nag were developed.
  4. Because of his major contribution to missile development, he is known as the “Missile Man of India.”

(3) How can one do computerised reservation for rail travel?

  1. Computerised railway reservation started in 1984 in New Delhi.
  2. A person can book tickets online through the IRCTC website.
  3. The user must create an IRCTC account with proper details.
  4. After checking seat availability, payment can be made using debit/credit cards or net banking.
  5. An e-ticket is generated after successful payment.

(4) Write the key features of Konkan Railway.

  1. Konkan Railway started in 1998 and covers about 760 km.
  2. It passes through Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka.
  3. There are 92 tunnels; the Karbude tunnel (6.5 km) is the longest.
  4. There are 179 major and 1819 minor bridges.
  5. The Sharavati River bridge near Honnawar is one of the longest bridges.
  6. The Panval bridge near Ratnagiri is one of the tallest railway bridges in India.
  7. Special sensors are installed to prevent accidents in landslide-prone areas.
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